Synchronization Performance in DVB-T2 system

The Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) project has developed digital broadcasting system specifications which have been adapted worldwide. The family of DVB standards includes DVB-S for satellite, DVB-C for cable and DVB-T for terrestrial system. This DVB-T system has proven its capability and thus accepted as the standard for terrestrial system in most countries. DVB-T2 is the enhancement of DVB-T that will overcome the shortcomings of the previous standard and provide additional features. This thesis concentrates on synchronization performance in DVB-T2 systems. Synchronization is the most important task that the receiver has to perform in the beginning of its reception of the signal. DVB-T2 uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation method and has a special symbol, named P1 symbol, for performing initial synchronization tasks. This symbol is also used for detecting DVB-T2 signal, meaning that, if the receiver can detect the P1 symbol, then it can conclude that the channel contains DVB-T2 signal. Moreover, P1 symbol also transmits basic transmission parameters that the receiver needs in the first place in order to proceed for further processing. In this work, the DVB-T2 system model has been implemented including the P1 symbol and the performance of synchronization by P1 symbol has been analyzed extensively by simulations in different channel conditions. P1 symbol deals with the synchronization issues before performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Therefore, P1 symbol based methods can achieve coarse timing synchronization and fine frequency synchronization. Also the detecting and decoding probabilities based on P1 symbol in different channels are presented in this thesis. /Kir0

Synchronization Performance in DVB-T2 system

The Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) project has developed digital broadcasting system specifications which have been adapted worldwide. The family of DVB standards includes DVB-S for satellite, DVB-C for cable and DVB-T for terrestrial system. This DVB-T system has proven its capability and thus accepted as the standard for terrestrial system in most countries. DVB-T2 is the enhancement of DVB-T that will overcome the shortcomings of the previous standard and provide additional features. This thesis concentrates on synchronization performance in DVB-T2 systems. Synchronization is the most important task that the receiver has to perform in the beginning of its reception of the signal. DVB-T2 uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation method and has a special symbol, named P1 symbol, for performing initial synchronization tasks. This symbol is also used for detecting DVB-T2 signal, meaning that, if the receiver can detect the P1 symbol, then it can conclude that the channel contains DVB-T2 signal. Moreover, P1 symbol also transmits basic transmission parameters that the receiver needs in the first place in order to proceed for further processing. In this work, the DVB-T2 system model has been implemented including the P1 symbol and the performance of synchronization by P1 symbol has been analyzed extensively by simulations in different channel conditions. P1 symbol deals with the synchronization issues before performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Therefore, P1 symbol based methods can achieve coarse timing synchronization and fine frequency synchronization. Also the detecting and decoding probabilities based on P1 symbol in different channels are presented in this thesis. /Kir0

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia Coli O157 Isolated From Raw Milk Marketed in Chittagong, Bangladesh

Escherichia coli is an emerging public health concern in most countries of the world. It is an important cause of food-borne human disease. The present study assessed the prevalence and determined the antibiotic resistance patterns of E. coli from raw milk marketed in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Of the raw milk marketed in Chittagong ~33(18%) of the 186 raw milk samples of it contains E. coli, indicator bacteria for any enteric pathogens. The mean viable count of total bacteria was 4.04×108 cfu/ml and the mean viable count of E. coli in the contaminated raw milk was 1.88×106 cfu/ml. E. coli from only six (18.2%) of the 33 positive samples yielded colourless colonies across the CT-SMAC, suggesting the probable presence of populations belonging to the serotype O157 and rest of the isolates 27 (81.82%) produced coloured colony on CT-SMAC considering the probable presence of populations belonging to the serotype non-O157. Growth of probable E. coli O157, as evidenced by the colourless colonies on CT-SMAC compared to coloured colonies from other bacteria. Confirmed isolates were further subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the Agar disc diffusion technique. Antibiotics susceptibility profile showed that all the isolates in case of E. coli O157, penicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), amoxicillin (83.33%) and erythromycin (83.33%) were the most resistant whereas ciprofloxacin (66.67%), gentamicin (50.0%), and streptomycin (50.0%) were the most sensitive antibiotics. In case of E.coli non-O157 susceptibility profile showed that chloramphenicol (40.74%), erythromycin (40.74%) and oxacillin (37.04%) were the most resistant whereas ciprofloxacin (70.37%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (S/T) (59.26%) and gentamycin (55.55%) were the most sensitive antibiotics. The antimicrobial resistance exhibited by E. coli O157and non-O157 strains in this study is an indication of possible antibiotic abuse

Recycling of Plastic Polymer: Reinforcement of Building Material Using Polymer Plastics of Used COVID-19 Syringes

Plastic waste causes severe environmental impacts worldwide and threatens the lives of all creatures. In the medical field, most of the equipment, especially personal protective equipment (PPE), is made from single-use plastic. During COVID-19, the usage of PPE has increased, and is disposed of in landfills after being used once. Worldwide, millions of tons of waste syringes are generated from COVID-19 vaccination. A practical alternative to utilizing this waste is recycling it to reinforce building materials. This research introduces an approach to using COVID-19 syringe plastic waste to reinforce building material as composite concrete. Reinforced fiber polymer (FRP) concrete materials were used to mold cylindrical specimens, which underwent mechanical tests for mechanical properties. This study used four compositions with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of FRP to create cylindrical samples for optimum results. Sequential mechanical tests were carried out on the created samples. These specimens were cured for a long period to obtain water absorption capability. After several investigations, the highest tensile and compressive strengths, approximately 2.0 MPa and 10.5 MPa, were found for the 5% FRP composition samples. From the curing test, the lowest water absorbability of around 5% was found for the 5% FRP composition samples

Is Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) a Better Predictor than Creatinine Cutoff to Detect Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with diabetes mellitus is one of the most common and major public health problems globally. In Bangladesh, several studies indicate an increasing prevalence of diabetes though very few studies are available on CKD. For CKD, diagnostic method, criteria or cutoffs still remained undecided. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CKD among the hospitalized patients and to compare the diagnostic approach practiced in the hospital. Methods: All patients admitted to the Department of Nephrology at BIRDEM from May 1 to July 31, 2012 were selected for investigation. An almost equal number of patients were also selected from other units of Medicine. The information included were age, sex, social class, blood pressure, height, weight, blood glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins and electrolytes. The CKDcreat was diagnosed based on creatinine (>1.2mg/dl) and the CKDgfr based on estimated GFR (1.2 mg/dl) groups. Similar comparisons were also made between CKDgfr and non-CKDgfr (>60 vs. £ 60 ml/min/1.732) groups. Results: A total of 4172 patients got admitted in the study period of 90 days; and 442 patients (m / f = 256 / 186) were investigated. Of the total (n=4172), 241 (5.8%) had CKDcreat and 272 (6.5%) had CKDgfr. Of the investigated 442 patients, 241 (54.5%) had CKDcreat and 272 (61.5%) had CKDgfr. The differences of characteristics between CKDcreat and non-CKDcreat groups were almost similar to the differences between CKDgfr and non-CKDgfr groups. Higher age, higher social class and higher blood pressure showed significant (p1.2 mg/dl and CKDgfr: <90 ml/min/1.732). Thus, a large proportion remained either under- or over-diagnosed depending on the criterion used. Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD among the hospitalized patients was found not negligible. The comparisons of two diagnostic criteria did differ and eGFR (K/DOQI) could detect higher proportion of CKD, which might be an over-diagnosis. Further study taking microalbuminuria, gross proteinuria, albumin-creatinine ratio and cystatin C may validate the method for the diagnostic accuracy of CKD, which my help assessing the prevalence of CKD accurately. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 50-5